George Gill operated a photography studio that was located at 352 Yonge Street, Toronto Ontario, from 1901-1910. From 1905-1913 Mrs. George Gill participated.

Ed Gagne operated a photographic portrait studio that was located at 897 St. Catherine, Montreal, Quebec c. 1883-1885. C. 1885 Mrs. Ed Gagne operated the studio at various nearby locations until 1895.

R. & H. O'Hara was a photography studio in Bowmanville, Ontario, owned by Robert O'Hara and Henry O'Hara. Henry O'Hara emigrated to Canada from Ireland in 1842. His eldest son, Henry Robert, as well as his second son, William James, were both associated with their father's photography business.

Frank D. Lee was a photographer who operated a studio by the same name in Lindsay, Ontario during the early twentieth century.

Eddowes Brothers was a photography studio located in New York City and operated from 1886-1910 by a partnership formed in 1886 between William & Robert T. Eddowes. The studio remained in operation exclusively under the direction of William Eddowes for another 30 years after 1910. William served as the camera operator and Robert as the printer and financial operator and they used a dry plate process. «

Hall & Siggers was a photography studio located in Kneighley, England, during the early twentieth century.

Grimmett was a photography studio located on Parsons Street in Banbury during the 1880s.

Notman & Fraser was a branch of William Notman's photography studio, located in Toronto, Ontario. It was operated by John A. Fraser

The Dominion Photo Studio operated during the late nineteenth century in Toronto, Ontario and had a location at 388 Queen Street West.

A photography studio that was located in Montreal, Quebec.

Dingeldy's was a photography studio located at 730 Jefferson Street, Buffalo, NY.

Wynne S. Smith was a photography studio that operated in Painesville, Ohio during the late nineteenth century.

A photography studio that operated during the late nineteenth century in Coventry, England.

Hodgskiss Studios (as spelled on photography studio stamp) was a photography studio located at 3 Adelaide St. E., Toronto, Ontario, It operated during the 1960s. Alternate spelling: Hodgkiss Studios (as spelled on photography studio business card).

Bradley & Rulofson was a photography studio located in San Francisco, California that was operated by H. W. Bradley and William Herman Rulofson. Originally opened by Bradley, Rulofson joined his studio upon his move to San Francisco in 1861. Born in Hampton New Brunswick, Rulofson moved to California during the gold rush, eventually settling in Senora where he established the first permanent photograph gallery in the state while operating a traveling daguerreotype wagon from which he and his partner John B. Cameron took portraits of miners. After Rulofson's death in 1878, his second wife, Mary Jane Morgan took over his share of the studio and remained in charge until 1889.

Emile Bondonneau Photographe Editeur was active during the late nineteenth century in Paris, France.

The Rockwood Photography Studio was operated in New York City by George Rockwood from 1857 to 1908.

The Bell & Howell Company was incorporated February 17, 1907 by Donald Bell and Albert Howell. The company was a supplier of a variety of media equipment, becoming a supplier for schools and offices. The firm added microfilm products in 1946. It purchased University Microfilms International in the 1980s. UMI produced a product called ProQuest. In the 2000s, Bell & Howell decided to focus on their information technology businesses. The imaging business was sold to Eastman Kodak and the international mail business was sold to Pitney Bowes. On June 6, 2001 Bell & Howell became a ProQuest Company but is now a subsidiary of the private Cambridge Information Group. In September 2001, the remaining industrial businesses, along with the Bell & Howell name were sold to private equity firm Glencoe Capital. The company merged with the North American arm of Böwe Systec Inc. In 2003; Böwe Systec later acquired the entire company. It was known as Böwe Bell & Howell until 2011, when Versa Capital Management bought the company out of bankruptcy and renamed the company "Bell and Howell, LLC"

The C. F. Foth & Co. was founded as an optical and mechanical company in approximately 1925. It was originally located in Danzig (Gdansk) in a building that was previously producing gun and munitions for world war 1. Danzig was located within the Polish corridor where the German population eventually forced the annexation by Germany in 1939. C. F. Foth & Co. was also established in Berlin at Cottbusser Damm. 25-26 in approximately 1926. In 1928 the Berlin factory moved to Berlin-Britz Grade StraBe 91-107 until 1932 and then finally to Berlin-Buchholz, PankStrasse 1-3 until its dissolution in the early 1940s. The company was popular for not only producing the Derby cameras but also radio headphones, binoculars and optical lens and equipment.

Krasnogorski Mekhanicheskii Zavod (KMZ) – Mechanical Factory of Krasnogorsk was founded in 1942 in Krasnogorsk, a western suburb of Moscow on the base of evacuated optical-mechanical plant No.69, in order to produce optical equipment for the Soviet army.

In 1946 the KMZ factory began making cameras, starting with the Moskva folding camera. In 1948 they began producing FED cameras to offset slow production from the FED factory, and by 1949 they made some design changes and thus production of the Zorki began. In 1952, KMZ created an SLR based on some modifications of the Zorki, and thus the Zenit was born.

In 1993 KMZ became the S.A.Zverev KRASNOGORSKY ZAVOD JSC stock company.

Source: https://camerapedia.fandom.com/wiki/KMZ

HarperCollins was founded by brothers James and John Harper in New York City in 1817 as J. and J. Harper, later Harper & Brothers. In 1987, as Harper & Row, it was acquired by News Corporation. The worldwide book group was formed following News Corporation's 1990 acquisition of the British publisher William Collins & Sons. Founded in 1819, William Collins & Sons published a range of Bibles, atlases, dictionaries, and reissued classics, expanding over the years to include legendary authors such as H. G. Wells, Agatha Christie, J. R. R. Tolkien, and C. S. Lewis.

Jack Ross and Allan Waisman started a practice "Waisman Ross and Associates" in 1953. In the 1960's they built their own offices at 10 Donald Street in Winnipeg Manitoba. They joined with the engineering firm of Klein and Dashevsky forming a new company "Ross Blankstein Coop Gillmore Hanna". They ultimately adopted the office's address for their new name: Number TEN Architects. They remain in Winnipeg, and also have an office in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Founded in 1961 as Ashworth, Robbie, Vaughan & Williams Architects & Town Planners. Name changed to Robbie Vaughan & Williams in 1965. This lasted until 1972.

Crowntek Software International was incorporated July 9, 1984. It was headquartered in Markham Ontario. The company was dissolved August 1, 1987. Crowntek was a subsidiary of Crownx Inc (Pendexcare Ltd.) It was one of several tech companies run by Crownx, the others were sold off in 1987 as well. Crownx.

Founded in 1897 and named after Monroe County New York, the company joined four other Rochester area camera manufacturers to create the Rochester Optical and Camera Company in 1899.

Edward Anthony started his company in 1841. The company name was changed to E. & H.T. Anthony in 1862 to reflect Edward's brother (Henry) contribution. The company was a large manufacturer and distributor of photographic products including cameras. In 1902 the company merged with Scovill & Adams to form Anthony & Scovill company.

Newsboy Tobacco Works would give away cabinet cards as 'premiums' for making a purchase of plug tobacco produced by their company, which later became American Tobacco Co

Western-Canadian agricultural publication. In 1966, absorbed by a national farm magazine, Family Herald.

American aerial photography firm

General Aniline & Film Corporation (GAF) was originally named Ansco and founded by brothers Edward and Anthony Scoville in 1842. Ansco pre-dated Kodak in the photography business. Anthony Scoville purchased the Goodwin Camera & Film Company giving him the rights to Hannibal Goodwin's invention the flexible photographic film. George Eastman would copy the patented process which would nearly drive Ansco out of business. It was not until 1905 when a settlement between the two companies saved Ansco from bankruptcy. Following 1928 AFGA would merge with ANSCO allowing the company to compete worldwide. Around ca. 1960 the company would be renamed GAF running until their dismantlment in ca.1980.

Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. operates as a provider of higher educational materials for the humanities, social sciences, and behavioral sciences and mathematics, science, and statistics. The company operates under the brands Brooks/Cole, Duxbury, Heinle & Heinle, Schirmer, and Wadsworth and West. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. was formerly known as Walsworth Brothers Company and changed the name to Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. in 1956. The company was founded in 1937 and is based in Belmont, California. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Cengage Learning, Inc.

Founded in 1949 by George Weidenfeld and Nigel Nicolson in London, England. Weidenfeld & Nicolson acquired the publisher Arthur Baker Ltd in 1959 and ran it as an imprint into the 1990s. It also acquired J. M. Dent and Sons in 1988. In the early 1990's Weidenfeld and Nicolson was bought by Orion Publishing Group, one of its first acquisitions after the group's founding in 1991. Founders Nigel Nicolson died in 2004 and George Weidenfeld died in 2016 at the age of 96.

The Wrigley Printing Company Limited was located at 1112 Seymour Street in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Lou Turofsky was born in Chicago in 1892. His family moved to Toronto in 1900 and settled in the Beaches neighbourhood. In 1910, Lou purchased Alexandra Photography Company from his employer, Frank Spillar, and changed the name to Alexandra Studios. Lou's younger brother Nat came to work for him, and together they built up the business and their reputation as famous sports photographers. In 1917, they moved into a larger studio at 322 Queen Street West. Lou Turofsky married Ruth Seigel in 1936 and they had two daughters named Riki and Carol. Nat never married. The brothers developed a reputation for photographing sports, although primarily hockey, and were often granted exclusive access to sports events; they were the only photographers allowed into the gates at the start of the British Empire Games held in Hamilton in 1930. Nat was the official photographer of the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Turofsky Collection, currently housed at the Hockey Hall of Fame, is the world's largest collection of hockey photographs. Nat died in 1956 and Lou died shortly after in 1959.

The Alumni Association for Victoria College in the University of Toronto.

McClelland & Stewart Inc was founded in 1906 by John McClelland and Frederick Goodchild as McClelland and Goodchild Ltd. In 1914 George Stewart joined the firm, and in 1918 Goodchild left the business. The company was renamed McClelland and Stewart at that point. The company began as a library supply house, representing British and American firms. It would eventually go on to publish Canadian authors. In the 1950s the company developed its Canadian Book publishing program, publishing the foremost Canadian authors of the day. Through the New Canadian Library Series (est 1958) and Carleton Library Series (est 1963) the company reprinted classic works in Canadian literature, history and social sciences, and greatly aided the growth of Canadian studies. The company published the first 2 volumes in its Canadian Centenary Series - an 18-volume history of Canada - in 1963. In 1971 The Ontario government decided to provide a $1-million loan to prevent its sale to American interests. In 1984 the government again stepped in, freeing M&S from its debt obligation (some $4 million). However, M&S was sold in 1985 to Avie BENNETT and McClelland resigned his position as publisher with the firm in 1987. Since then Bennett has continued as chairman and Douglas Gibson as publisher. The company has continued to publish about 100 new titles each year and to add to its distinguished list of Canadian writers. They revived the New Canadian Library Series. In 1991 McLelland & Stewart purchased Hurtig Publishers of Edmonton, publisher of The Canadian Encyclopedia. The company then bought the children's book publisher, Tundra, in 1995. An alliance was formed in January 2000 when the non-fiction publisher Macfarlane Walter & Ross became part of the McClelland & Stewart team. This alliance continued until 2003, when market conditions forced Macfarlane Walter & Ross to close down. In June 2000, McClelland & Stewart was donated to the University of Toronto. Under the terms of the gift, the university owned 75 per cent of the company and appointed five of the directors on the seven person board. The remaining 25 percent ownership was sold to Random House of Canada. In 2012, the University of Toronto sold their majority ownership to Random House. The company's centennial was acknowledged by Canada Post in April 26, 2006 with a commemorative stamp.

The AIDS Bureau provides specific information and resources on the situation in Ontario for human service providers. Ontario’s co-ordinated response to HIV/AIDS includes policy development and program delivery. The province spends approximately $55 million a year on HIV/AIDS-related initiatives. This does not include physician billings to OHIP or HIV/AIDS drugs. The Ontario government provides funding for more than 90 programs and services across the province to deliver HIV/AIDS prevention, education and support programs for those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS, and those most at risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS in Ontario.

Presses universitaires de France (PUF, English: University Press of France), founded in 1921 by Paul Angoulvent (1899–1976), is the largest French university publishing house.

In 1878, Thomas H. Blair acquired a patent for a unique camera which included a dark-tent for in-camera wet plate processing. This camera was called the Tourograph and built for him by American Optical Division of Scovill Mg. Co. In 1879, Blair opened Blair Tourograph Company in Connecticut. Blair re-branded twice, once in 1881 as Blair Tourograph & Dry Plate Comapny and again in 1886 as Blair Camera Company. In 1890, Blair absorbed the manufacturer of Hawkeye Cameras known as the Boston Camera Company. Until Kodak purchased Blair Camera Company in 1899 and moved it to Rodchester, New York in 1908. From then on, Blair Camera Company began operating as a division of Kodak.

Sidgwick & Jackson is an imprint of book publishing company Pan Macmillan. It was founded in Britain in 1908.

Souvenir Press was started in 1951 in the bedroom of founder Ernest Hecht's parents’ flat in London.

Focal Press was founded in 1938 by Andor Kraszna-Krausz, a Hungarian photographer who immigrated to England in 1937. The Focal Press was acquired by Elsevier in 1983. Elsevier sold Focal Press to Taylor & Francis (Routledge) in 2012. Taylor & Francis is a subsidiary of Informa.

Follett Publishing was founded in 1873 when Charles M. Barnes opened a used book store in Wheaton, Illinois out of his home. He moved his business, C. M. Barnes & Company, to Chicago. His store sold new and used textbooks, and other school materials. In 1901 C. W. Follett joined the company as a stock clerk. By 1902 the company had evolved to become a wholesaler - selling books all over the Midwest. That same year Charles Barnes retired and his son William took over the business. In 1908 the company's name changed to C. M. Barnes-Wilcox Company when John Wilcox became a primary shareholder (Wilcox was William's father-in-law). In 1912 C. W. Follett became a Vice-President and shareholder in Barnes-Wilcox. William Barnes sold his remaining shares in the company to his father-in-law in 1917, and by 1918 Wilcox retired with Follett taking over the company - renaming it J. W. Wilcox & Follett Company. In 1923, after the death of John Wilcox, Follett purchased the company and brought his sons (Dwight, R. D., Garth, and Laddie) into the company. In 1925 his son Dwight founded Follett Publishing Company, and in 1930 his other son R. D. found Follett College Book Company - opening its first store on a college campus in 1931. Garth created the Follett Library Book Company in 1940. C. W. Follett passed away in 1952, with his son Dwight taking over as chairmans, renaming the company Follett Corporation in 1957. Laddie would run the company's original business Wilcox & Follett from 1952-1986.
For more contemporary information about the Company - visit their website https://www.follett.com/about-story

The Wellesley Hospital merged with Central Hospital to become The Wellesley Central Hospital. In 1998, the programs and services from The Wellesley Central Hospital were transferred to St. Michael's Hospital becoming St. Michael's Hospital - Wellesley Central site. The site was to stay open until all the units could be transferred to St. Michael's Bond Street location or other hospitals. On July 5, 2001 the last inpatient program - Mental Health - transferred to St. Michael's and on July, the site was closed and turned back over to the owners The Wellesley Central Health Corporation.

World Wildlife Fund has worked to protect the future of nature. WWF-Canada is the country’s largest international conservation organization, with the active support of hundreds of thousands of Canadians. We connect the power of a strong global network to on-the-ground conservation efforts across the nation, with offices in Victoria, Vancouver, Smithers, B.C., Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, Halifax, St. John's, Iqaluit and Inuvik. Our mission: To reverse the decline of wildlife by working toward:

All freshwater ecosystems and the wildlife that depend on them in good condition.
Healthy marine ecosystems on all three coasts.
A vibrant and ecologically sound future for the Arctic.
Resilient communities across the country that enhance nature.

For more information visit www.wwf.ca

Asia Publishing House was located in Bombay IndiaFounded in 1943 by Peter Jayasinghe, it became one of India’s leading publishers of scholarly books.

Curtis Brown, Ltd. is a literary agency representing a wide variety of established and emerging authors of all genres.

Albert Curtis Brown was born in 1866 in upstate New York. He moved to England in 1888 to head the International Publishing Bureau and started his own literary agency in London in 1905. As war clouds gathered in Europe, Brown escorted two members of the London staff to New York City and established the U.S. branch of Curtis Brown Ltd. in July of 1914. The day after Brown’s return to England, World War I began. The New York office was initially established to market US rights in works by Curtis Brown’s British clients, including D.H. Lawrence, C.S. Lewis, Daphne du Maurier, A.A. Milne and Winston Churchill. Separate offices of Curtis Brown exist in New York, London, Toronto and Sydney, each operating as an independent company. The New York branch of Curtis Brown, Ltd. was one of the founders, in 1928, of the Society of Authors’ Representatives (SAR), and was instrumental in negotiating the SAR’s merger with the Independent Literary Agents Association (founded in 1977) to form the Association of Authors’ Representatives (AAR) in 1991.

Formed in 1932, the committee represented the United Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces, The Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec, and The Baptist Union of Western Canada. The committee created "The Hymnary for use in Canadian Baptist Churches" for publication in 1936.

J. J. Beckbar, Inc was a company located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They were are book publisher.

Formed in the 1950's,

From 1891 until 1971 the Public Schools Act provided for a "Council of Public Instruction composed of the Minister [of Education] and other members of the Executive Council of British Columbia." As chairman of the council, it was the minister's duty to advise his cabinet colleagues "on all matters relating to education in the province." In other words, when the cabinet met to consider educational matters it was functioning as the Council of Public Instruction. The council was the highest level in the province's educational bureaucracy. It had a wide range of powers that it exercised by issuing rules and through orders in council. The rules of the council dealt with general regulations while orders concerned specific situations. The powers of the council were laid out in the Public Schools Act. In general terms, its powers may be summarized under seven categories: definition, regulation, approval, investigation and adjudication, appointment, and establishment. Through its powers of definition the council could establish or abolish school districts, define the length of school terms, and decide the classes of teachers' certificates. Under its powers of regulation it could set conditions for establishing schools, determine conditions under which Bible readings were held in the schools, and establish the general duties of school teachers. Through its powers of approval it formally sanctioned the use of certain textbooks. Under the heading of authorization the council approved the course of study used in the schools and made grants for vocational programmes. Investigation and adjudication involved cases of disputed school board elections and the suspension of teachers' certificates. The council's powers of appointment allowed it to appoint school trustees and members of the Provincial Board of Examiners, while under the category of establishment the council could establish special training programmes and summer schools for teachers. The Council of Public Instruction ceased to exist on April 2, 1971 by an amendment to the Public Schools Act.

The Chancellor Dunning Trust Lectureship was established in 1946 by an anonymous donor who gave $100,000 to Queen's University to establish a permanent tribute to Chancellor Charles A. Dunning. The income from the trust is to be used "to promote understanding and appreciation of the supreme importance of the dignity, freedom and responsibility of the individual person in human society". The trustees of Queen's University have agreed that this goal may best be accomplished by
bringing to Queen's distinguished speakers who would give public lectures and who would also meet with classes, groups and individuals at Queen's and in the local community.

Founded in 1960 by Claude Hurtubise, Les Editions H. M. H. Ltee started off by creating publications for the educational and literary sectors. Today, their catalogue holds approximately 800 titles and focuses on fiction and non-fiction literature for adult and young adult readers.

In 1989, les Éditions Hurtubise in collaboration with the editors Fides et Leméac founded la société Bibliothèque Québécoise, a publishing house aimed at creating pocket book versions of literary texts (fiction and essays). In 2011, Hurtubise and Leméac bought out Fides and restructured to expand their catalogue to over 200 titles. Their distribution branch, la société Distribution HMH, oversees the majority of their own publications.

Founded in 1921 by Stephen Leacock, Pelham Edgar, B.K. Sandwell, John Murray Gibbon (who became its first president), and other prominent writers of the time, to lobby for the protection of authors’ rights, the Canadian Authors Association has continued to pursue this objective to this day. Instrumental in the 1924 copyright legislation, the Association began pressing for a new Copyright Act in the 1980s.

The Royal Canadian Geographical Society was founded in 1929 with the important mandate of making Canada better known to Canadians and to the world. Under the patronage of the Governor General, the Society has, for 85 years, led the charge towards fostering a deeper appreciation of Canada’s natural, cultural and social heritage. While best known for its iconic publication, Canadian Geographic magazine, the Society also actively develops additional publications, such as Géographica and Canadian Geographic Travel, supports Canadian geographical expeditions, and provides grants and scholarships for cutting-edge geographical research. In addition, the Society is active in building, promoting and supporting geographic education throughout the country, through its educational program, Canadian Geographic Education. One of the largest programs of its kind in Canada, Can Geo Education currently provides free geographic educational supports, products and materials to almost 18,000 member educators from coast-to-coast-to-coast, a number which is increasing rapidly. The RCGS is an iconic non-profit organization that is funded primarily by generous donations. The Society’s Board of Governors and its program committees are comprised entirely of volunteers.

The Canadian Institute of International Affairs (CIIA) was launched in 1928 by prominent Canadians Sir Robert Borden, Sir Arthur Currie, John W. Dafoe and Sir Joseph Flavelle. The CIIA is a national, non-partisan, non-governmental organization dedicated to the discussion and analysis of international affairs. Following the end of World War I, political apathy and ignorance of international affairs motivated the founding of forums in Britain and the United States to debate current affairs and global issues. Inspired by these precedents, the Canadian Institute of International Affairs sought to prepare Canadians for participation at international conferences such as the Institute of Pacific Relations and, more broadly, to engage effectively in the international sphere. The early organization was characterized by a large degree of autonomy in the various branches across the country. Business people dominated the Winnipeg branch, academics coalesced in Toronto and Vancouver, and in Ottawa government bureaucrats were the majority. When a grant from the Massey Foundation in 1932 made it possible to appoint Escott Reid as the Canadian Institute of International Affairs' first full-time national secretary, better co-ordination among the branches, ambitious programming and increasing membership and public participation contributed to a more effective central organization and research capacity. Personal contacts precipitated a close relationship between the CIIA and the Department of External Affairs (DEA). Many of the institute's national secretaries, such as Reid, would pursue careers in the public service. Throughout the CIIA's history, its members have investigated the salient issues of the day and have sought to present a diversity of opinions on subjects ranging from Canada's participation in conflict and role in a postwar world to relations with the United States and responsible citizenship in a global community. Today there are 13 CIIA branches across the country that together organize more than 70 events each year, providing forums for the study and discussion of Canada's position and policies in the world. The national office organizes an annual foreign policy conference, lecture series and policy development workshops. It continues to maintain close co-operation with the DEA (now the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, DFAIT) and other government departments. Linkages with private and voluntary sectors, universities and the media are also regular features of CIIA activities. In June 2006, the Canadian Institute of International Affairs partnered with the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) in the new Canadian International Council (CIC), a single umbrella organization to promote public engagement with Canadian foreign policy and international relations. With a $1-million donation from Jim Balsillie, co-CEO of Research In Motion (RIM), in September 2007, the relationship was deepened to form a new partnership. The CIC pools the capacities and expertise of the CIIA, CIGI and the Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto, to create a public policy think-tank on Canada's foreign relations. A national fellowship program to support candidates from academia, public service and the business community will be headquartered at the Munk Centre. As part of the arrangement, CIIA operations would be incorporated into the CIC. The council produces Behind the Headlines, formerly published by the CIIA, and is digitizing materials from the John Holmes Library, a collection of Canadian and international relations resources that will be available online through the IGLOO Network portal and housed at CIGI in Waterloo, Canada. The CIIA publishes International Journal (the first issue appeared in 1946), a noted peer-reviewed scholarly publication on international relations, and online commentary articles in International Insights and International Security Series. Prior to the establishment of the CIC in summer 2007, there were 1385 members of the CIIA, including Canada's leading experts on international affairs in academic, business and government circles.

The Canadian Institute on Public Affairs was founded in 1932 by the YMCA National Council as an educational body for the critical discussion of national and international issues. It holds conferences every year at Lake Couchiching in Orillia. In 1979 its name changed to The Couchiching Institute on Public Affairs. The conferences, ordinarily held in August, quickly became a regular gathering place for those interested in the intelligent discussion of Canadian concerns. During the Great Depression the conference focus was on such issues as social reform, the state of the economy and the darkening world scene, and during WWII much attention was paid to reconstruction planning. In 1947 the possibility of a military alliance of North Atlantic nations (later NATO) was first raised in an address there by Escott Reid of the Department of External Affairs

Started in 1910 with an endowment by Andrew Carnegie. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a unique global network of policy research centers in Russia, China, Europe, the Middle East, India, and the United States. Our mission, dating back more than a century, is to advance peace through analysis and development of fresh policy ideas and direct engagement and collaboration with decisionmakers in government, business, and civil society. Working together, our centers bring the inestimable benefit of multiple national viewpoints to bilateral, regional, and global issues.

Christophers Publishers was located in London, England with Bertram Christian as its proprietor in 1939.